Annotated Bibliography – Kachin Portal Site

Jinghpaw Linguistics Northern Burmish Languages Popular and Academic Writings on Kachin/Jinghpaw

Annotated bibliography of Jinghpaw linguistics by Keita Kurabe

1	Benedict, Paul K. (1972) Sino-Tibetan: A conspectus. New York: Cambridge University Press.
	A seminal work on Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics. Focuses on five key, phonologically conservative Tibeto-Burman languages, including Jinghpaw. Reveals several Jinghpaw etymologies. Clarifies the correspondence between Jinghpaw and other related languages. 230pp.

2	Bigandet, Paul A. (1858) A comparative vocabulary of Shan, Kakying and Palaoung. Journal of the Indian Archipelago (New Series) 2: 221–232.
	Apparently the first description of the Jinghpaw variety in Burma. Includes about 200 Jinghpaw lexical items, together with those of Shan and Palaung. They were collected in a short time by French Catholic bishop Paul Ambrose Bigandet (1813–1894), then Bishop of Kamatha and Coadjutor in Charge of the Mission of Ava and Pegu.

3	Bronson, Miles (1839) A spelling book and vocabulary in English, Assamese, Singpho, and Naga. Jaipur: American Baptist Mission Press.
	Apparently the second oldest description of Jinghpaw (Singpho). Provides over 700 lexical items in Singpho, Assamese, and Naga, together with reading lessons. Prepared by Miles Bronson (1812–1883), one of the earliest American Baptist missionaries to work in Assam. 64pp.

4	Brown, Nathan (1837) Comparison of Indo-Chinese languages. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 6: 1023–1038.
	Apparently the first description of Jinghpaw (Singpho). Presents short wordlists of 27 languages mainly spoken between India and China. Includes around 100 lexical items each for Singpho and Jili. The only record of Jili, an extinct variety of Jinghpaw with distinctive characteristics. Also points out the grammatical similarity between Singpho and Burmese.

5	Burling, Robbins (1971) The historical place of Jinghpaw in Tibeto-Burman. In: Frederic K. Lehman (ed.) Occasional Papers of the Wolfenden Society on Tibeto-Burman Linguistics, vol. 2, 1–54. Urbana: Department of Linguistics of the University of Illinois.
	Compares Jinghpaw with Lhaovo and Garo. Found a special phylogenetic relationship between Jinghpaw and Garo. Shows that Jinghpaw is lexically more similar to Garo than Lhaovo. Suggests that the resemblance between Jinghpaw and Lhaovo is due to language contact, mainly found in the phonological and kinship systems.

6	Burling, Robbins (1983) The Sal languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 7.2: 1–32.
	A comparative study pointing out a special phylogenetic relationship between Jinghpaw, Bodo-Garo, and Northern Naga. Provides evidence for the special relationship based on distinctive roots such as sal ‘sun’ and war ‘fire’. Proposes the Sal group, which encompasses Jinghpaw, Bodo-Garo, and Northern Naga.

7	Cushing, Josiah N. (1880) Grammatical sketch of the Kakhyen language. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (New Series) 12: 395–416.
	The first grammatical sketch of Jinghpaw spoken in Burma. Identifies six tones. Written by Josiah N. Cushing, a specialist in the Shan language. He studied Jinghpaw from 1877 and laid the foundation for literacy work succussed by Ola Hanson. He collected a large vocabulary and attempted to create an orthography based on Indic scripts.

8	Dai, Qingxia (2012) Jingpoyu cankao yufa [A reference grammar of Jingpo]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
	A grammar of Jingpo, a variety of Jinghpaw spoken in China. Largely based on a grammar of Jingpo by Dai and Xu (1992), with additional chapters on the topic marker, agentive marker, benefactive, serial verb, evidentiality, etc., based on papers by the author published after Dai and Xu (1992). 482pp.

9	Dai, Qingxia and Xijian Xu (1992) Jingpoyu yufa [A Jingpo grammar]. Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Xueyuan Chubanshe.
	A grammar of Jingpo, a variety of Jinghpaw spoken in China. Contains chapters on phonology, morphology, syntax, nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, classifiers, auxiliaries, adverbs, particles, subordinators, interjects, poetic language, glossed texts, etc. 508pp.

10	Dai, Qingxia and Xijian Xu (1995) Jingpoyu cihuixue [Jingpo lexicology]. Beijing: Zhongyang Minzu Xueyuan Chubanshe.
	A work on the Jingpo lexicon. Contains a wide range of content, including phonology of words, kinship terms, faunal and floral terms, color terms, directional words, measure words, loanwords, synonyms, antonyms, word families, etc. 332pp.

11	DeLancey, Scott (1980) Deictic categories in the Tibeto-Burman verb. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University.
	A systematic treatment of deictic categories in verbs of Tibeto-Burman languages. Reveals the form, function, and origin of directional and agreement affixes in Jinghpaw, together with other languages. Also, the first study to point out the hierarchical nature of person agreement in Jinghpaw.

12	Hanson, Ola (1895) Kachin spelling book. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
	The first spelling book of Jinghpaw spoken in Burma. Laid the foundation for the Jinghpaw orthography used to this day as a medium of literacy among the Kachin people. Tones and glottal stops are unmarked. Includes short reading materials. 39pp.

13	Hanson, Ola (1896) A grammar of the Kachin language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
	The first book-length grammar of Jinghpaw spoken in Burma. Includes orthography, parts of speech, grammatical notes with examples, and an extensive glossary. A valuable document that records the language of the time. 231pp.

14	Hanson, Ola (1906) A dictionary of the Kachin language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
	The first dictionary of Jinghpaw. Provides more than 10,000 entries with many etymological notes and example sentences, still highly useful today. Greatly contributed to Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics from an early stage. Based on more than 16 years of original fieldwork by the author. 751pp.

15	Huziwara, Keisuke (2012) Rui-sogo no saiko ni mukete [Towards a reconstruction of Proto-Luish]. Kyoto University Linguistic Research 31: 25–131.
	A comparative study of the Luish languages, which have a special phylogenetic relationship with Jinghpaw. Reconstructs Proto-Luish based on data collected by the author through extensive original fieldwork. Also reveals a number of Jinghpaw-Luish cognates and sound correspondences.

16	Kurabe, Keita (2013) Kachin folktales told in Jinghpaw. Collection KK1 at catalog.paradisec.org.au [Open Access]. https://dx.doi.org/10.4225/72/59888e8ab2122
	Recordings of Kachin folktales and related narratives in Jinghpaw. Collected by Keita Kurabe and local collaborators as part of community-based collaborative fieldwork in northern Myanmar between 2013 and 2020. A total of 2,491 audio stories with 2,480 transcriptions and 940 translations are currently available (November 2021).

17	Kurabe, Keita (2016) A grammar of Jinghpaw, from northern Burma. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kyoto University.
	An up-to-date grammar of Jinghpaw spoken in Burma based on primary data collected through fieldwork in northern Burma. Contains chapters on phonology, morphology, word class, noun phrase, case marking, verb complex, adverbs, particles, subordination, clausal nominalization, etc.

18	Kurabe, Keita (2017) Kachin culture and history told in Jinghpaw. Collection KK2 at catalog.paradisec.org.au [Open Access]. https://dx.doi.org/10.26278/5fa1707c5e77c
	Recordings of Kachin culture and history in Jinghpaw. Collected by Keita Kurabe and local collaborators as part of community-based collaborative fieldwork in northern Myanmar between 2017 and 2020. A total of 263 stories with 263 transcriptions and 15 translations are currently available (November 2021).

19	Kurabe, Keita (2018) Deaspiration and the laryngeal specification of fricatives in Jinghpaw. Gengo Kenkyu 153: 41–55.
	A phonological study that shows that several distinct phonological phenomena in Jinghpaw can be uniformly accounted for by deaspiration or aspiration dissimilation. Phenomena treated include phonological gaps in the phoneme inventory, synchronic and diachronic morphophonological alternations of prefixes, and a similarity avoidance effect in the lexicon.

20	Kurabe, Keita (2020) Zinpō go yōrei ziten [A dictionary of Jinghpaw usage]. Fuchu: ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
	A Jinghpaw dictionary based on word occurrence frequencies from a corpus of approximately six million words. Includes 15,046 collocations based on frequency, and 3,803 example sentences mostly extracted from natural narrative texts collected by the author. 407pp.

21	Kurabe, Keita (2021) Typological profile of the Kachin languages. In: Paul Sidwell and Mathias Jenny (eds.) The languages and linguistics of mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide, 403–432. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
	A typological overview of the languages spoken by the Kachin people, including Jinghpaw, Zaiwa, Lhaovo, Lacid, and Rawang. Explores phonology, morphology, word class, syntax, and lexico-semantics. Also treats the Jinghpaw-Zaiwa special contact relationship and the scale of receptivity among the Kachin languages.

22	Manam, Hpang (1977) English-Kachin-Burmese dictionary. Yangon: Universal Literature Press.
	Apparently the second oldest dictionary of Jinghpaw, with copious entries. Laid the basis for several later dictionaries by the author. Also includes an appendix with lists of plants, animals, science, and other semantic fields. 644pp.

23	Maran, La Raw (1978) A dictionary of modern spoken Jingpho. Unpublished Manuscript.
	A dictionary of Jinghpaw based on Hanson’s (1906) dictionary. Adds a number of new entries to Hanson (1906) with new definitions and examples. The earliest dictionary to provide accurate tonal values and glottal stops to each headword, which Hanson (1906) lacked. Some of the words written with a mid-level tone are incorrect.

Matisoff, James A. (1974) The tones of Jinghpaw and Lolo-Burmese: common origin vs. independent development. Acta Linguistica Hafniensia (Copenhagen) 15.2: 153–212.

Compares the tonal system of Jinghpaw and Lolo-Burmese based on more than 400 cognate sets. Reveals certain non-random correspondence patterns of tonal categories in checked syllables. Also suggests that their tonal relationships have been obscured by internal developments in Jinghpaw. The issue is revised in “Jiburish revisited: Tonal splits and heterogenesis in Burmo-Naxi-Lolo checked syllables” (Matisoff 1991).

Matisoff, James A. (1986) Hearts and minds in South-East Asian languages and English: An essay in the comparative lexical semantics of psycho-collocations. Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 15: 5–57.

A pioneer work on psycho-collocations, which are widely found in East and Southeast Asian languages. Treats morphology, syntax, and semantics of psycho-collocations in many languages including Jinghpaw. Shows that psycho-collocation is complicated by morphological manipulation of elaboration. Also touches on comparative linguistic aspects, such as showing that elaboration expressions in Jinghpaw contain fossilized elements.

Matisoff, James A. (1997) Sino-Tibetan Numeral Systems: prefixes, protoforms and problems. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.

An extensive synchronic and diachronic study of the Tibeto-Burman numerals. Includes diachronic discussions of Jinghpaw numerals, including the numeral ‘one’ as an allofam of ‘1sg’, the obsolete ‘two’ retained as the plural suffix, the etymology of the prefix for ‘nine’, and a comparison of ‘20’. Also contains a discussion of “prefix runs” and their mnemonic function in Jinghpaw. 136pp.

27	Matisoff, James A. (2003) Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and philosophy of Sino-Tibetan reconstruction. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press.
	A seminal work on Tibetan-Burman comparative linguistics. Reflects further progress in Tibeto-Burman comparative studies based on both newly reconstructed etyma and methodological underpinnings after Benedict (1972). Provides many lexical, phonological, and morphological comparisons between Jinghpaw and related Tibeto-Burman languages. 750pp.

Matisoff, James A. (2013) Re-examining the genetic position of Jingpho: Putting flesh on the bones of the Jingpho/Luish relationship. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 36.2: 15–95.

A comparative study of the phylogenetic relationship between Jinghpaw and Luish languages. Establishes the Jinghpaw-Luish relationship on firm ground. Concludes that “Jingpho seems closer to Luish than to any other TB subgroup” (p. 38). Also includes a discussion of language contact between Jinghpaw and other neighboring languages. Appendices include an evaluation of Burling’s (1983) Sal grouping, and Jinghpaw/Luish cognates with the distribution of the etymon in Tibeto-Burman.

29	Morey, Stephen (2010) Turung: A variety of Singpho language spoken in Assam. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
	The first comprehensive grammar of Turung, a variety of Singpho spoken by a community called Turung or Tai Turung, who have mixed Singpho and Tai ancestry. Includes a typological overview and chapters on phonology, nominals, noun modifiers, verbs, verbal particles, predication, clauses and sentences, negation, imperatives, questions, etc. 656pp.

30	Needham, Jack F. (1889) Outline grammar of the Singpho language, as spoken by the Singphos, Dowanniyas, and others, residing in the neighbourhood of Sadiya, etc. Shilong: Assam Secretariat Press.
	The first book-length grammar of Singpho, a variety of Jinghpaw spoken in India. Includes parts of speech, grammatical notes, glossed examples, and a wordlist with remarks. 119pp.

31	Nishida, Tatsuo (1960) Katin go no kenkyū: Bamo hōgen no kizyutu narabini hikaku gengogaku teki kōsatu [A study of the Kachin language: A descriptive and comparative study of the Bhamo dialect]. Gengo Kenkyu 38: 1–32.
	Presents a phonological overview and basic vocabulary of Jinghpaw spoken in Bhamo, Burma, based on the original fieldwork by the author in the late 1950s. Provides a comparative study of Jinghpaw, Written Tibetan, and Written Burmese. Argues that Jinghpaw is a “link language” that has features of the Tibeto-Burmese subgroups and links these subgroups together.

32	Wolfenden, Stuart N. (1929) Outlines of Tibeto-Burman linguistic morphology, with special reference to the prefixes, infixes and suffixes of classical Tibetan, and the languages of the Kachin, Bodo, Naga, Kuku-Chin and Burma groups. London: Royal Asiatic Society.
	A pioneering study that treats the form and function of Tibeto-Burman affixes. Reveals several correspondences of affixes between Jinghpaw, Tibetan, and other related languages. 216pp.

33	Xu, Xijian, Jiacheng Xiao, Xiangkun Yue and Qingxia Dai (eds.) (1983) Jin-Han cidian [A Jingpo-Chinese dictionary]. Kunming: Yunnan Minzu Chubanshe.
	A comprehensive Jingpo-Chinese dictionary based on a variety spoken in China. Tones and glottal stops, which are not marked in the orthography, are accurately indicated. Presents many example sentences. Also includes appendices with a phonological overview, grammatical sketch, and a list of clan and lineage names. 1024pp.

CITE AS

Kurabe, Keita. 2021. Annotated bibliography of Jinghpaw linguistics. Digital collection managed by Information Resources Center at Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
URL: https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/annotated-bibliography/

Annotated bibliography of Northern Burmish Languages by Hideo Sawada

1	Abbey, Walter Bulmer Tate (1899) Manual of the Maru Language. xvii+212pp. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.
	It is probably the first book that provides an overview of the grammar of the Maru (=Lhaovo) language. Following the format of Hertz’s Handbook of the Kachin Language (1895), it consists of three parts: grammar and construction, colloquial exercises, and an English–Maru lexicon.

Clerk, F. V. A. (1911) Manual of the Lawngwaw or Maru Language. viii+243pp. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press.

Another overview of the grammar of the Lhaovo (Maru) language written in the colonial era along with Abbey’s Manual of the Maru Language. It also follows the format of Hertz’s Handbook of the Kachin Language, although it has a classified glossary (Part 2) between the grammar (Part 1) and conversation exercises (Part 3), and Part 4 includes not only an English–Lhaovo lexicon but also a Lhaovo–English lexicon. The author mentions Abbey’s name in the preface, but not his Manual.

3	Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid. iii+xvi+183pp. Chiangmai: Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in linguistics.
	This is a grammatical sketch of the Lacid language based on fieldwork with speakers from Kachin State and Yunnan. It is submitted as a Master’s thesis to Payap University.

4	Inglis, Douglas, and Connie Inglis (2003) A Preliminary Phonology of Ngochang. v+39pp. Chiangmai: Linguistics Department, Graduate School, Payap University.
	This is a preliminary sketch of Ngochang phonology based on the lexicon obtained from a fieldwork with several speakers from the Myitkyina area of Kachin State.

5	Lustig, Anton (2010) A Grammar and Dictionary of Zaiwa, Volume One: Grammar. (Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library Vol.5/11.) xxvi+1076pp. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
	This work covers the grammar of the Zaiwa language, based on data collected during the nine months of fieldwork in Loi Lung village, Ruili, Yunnan. This is a publication of his doctoral dissertation submitted to Leiden University. Volume one is a large work of 1076 pages dealing with grammar.

6	Lustig, Anton (2010) A Grammar and Dictionary of Zaiwa, Volume Two: Dictionary and Texts. (Brill’s Tibetan Studies Library Vol.5/11.) xiii+553pp. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
	This work pertains to the grammar of the Zaiwa language, based on data collected during the nine months of fieldwork in Loi Lung village, Ruili, Yunnan. This is a publication of his doctoral dissertation submitted to Leiden University. Volume two consists of a Zaiwa–English dictionary and texts.

7	Nasaw, Sampu, Wilai Jaseng, Thocha Jana, and Douglas Inglis (2005) A Preliminary Ngochang–Kachin–English Lexicon. (Research Paper #107.) xii+155pp. Chiangmai: Linguistics Department, Graduate School, Payap University.
	This lexicon contains about 11,700 Ngochang vocabularies glossed in Kachin (Jinghpaw) and English, providing an overview of phonology and orthography. It was compiled by Nasaw Sampu and two other Ngochang scholars, with technical support from Douglas Inglis.

Okell, John A. (1988) Notes on tone alternation in Maru verbs. In David Bradley, Eugenie J.A. Anderson, and Martine Mazaudon (eds.) Prosodic analysis and Asian linguistics: to honour R.K. Sprigg (Pacific Linguistics, C-104): 109–114.

It is a pioneering work that highlighted and analyzed the existence of regular tonal alternation in Maru (Lhaovo) verbs for the first time. Okell argued that alternation is caused by subsequent morphemes. However, if we generalize his argument that the zero particle causes tonal alternation and posits the existence of an abstract morpheme triggering the alternation where it occurs, we can argue that it is grammatically conditioned.

9	Sawada, Hideo (1999) Outline of the phonology of Lhaovo (Maru) of Kachin state. Linguistic and Anthropological Study on the Shan Culture Area, report of the research project , Grant-in-Aid for International Scientific Research (Field Research): 97–147. Tokyo: ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
	It provides an outline of Lhaovo phonology based on the author’s fieldwork in Myitkyina, Kachin State. In addition to syllable structure and phoneme inventory, the author describes syllable weakening and tonal alternation as phenomena concerning tone.

10	Sawada, Hideo (2004) A tentative etymological word-list of the Lhaovo (Maru) language. In Setsu Fujishiro (ed.) Approaches to Eurasian Linguistic Areas (Contribution to the Studies of Eurasian Languages (CSEL) series) Vol. 7): 61–122. Kobe: Kobe City College of Nursing.
	This is a word list of Lhaovo based on fieldwork using the Asian and African Linguistic Questionnaire (Vol.1), giving the cognate forms of Zaiwa and Burmese for native Lhaovo words, and the sources of borrowing for loanwords from Jinghpaw and Burmese, as far as possible.

11	Sawada, Hideo (2012) Optional marking of NPs with core case functions P and A in Lhaovo. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 35.1: 15–34.
	Lhaovo has a set of postpositional case markers. Two core arguments of transitive verbs can both be marked with -∅, but the argument P (object) can also be marked with the accusative case marker -reF, and argument A (subject) can be marked with the instrumental case-marker -TAyaŋF as well . This paper attempts to clarify the factors that determine the distribution of the case markers.

12	Sawada, Hideo (2018) The phonology of Lhangsu, an undescribed Northern-Burmish language. In Noriko Osaki, Yasuhiro Kishida, Tomoyuki Kubo, Mutsumi Sugahara, Tooru Hayasi, and Setsu Fujishiro (eds.) Dynamics in Eurasian Languages (Contribution to the Studies of Eurasian Languages Series Vol. 20): 381–404. Kobe: Kobe City College of Nursing.
	This paper presents a preliminary description of the sound system of the language spoken by people called “Lhangsu,” regarded as a sub-group of Lhaovo, based on fieldwork in Myitkyina, Kachin State.

13	Wannemacher, Mark W. (1998) Aspects of Zaiwa Prosody: An Autosegmental Account. viii+160+iv pp. Dallas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
	The purpose of this study is to provide an autosegmental analysis of the Zaiwa language with an emphasis on the specifications of two prosodic features, tone and phonation type, and their interaction.

Sawada, Hideo (2019) Loanwords in Lhangsu, a Northern Burmish language. In Setsu Fujisiro (ed.) Dynamics in Eurasian Languages III: Diversity, Typology, and Mixed Language: 97–124. Kobe: Kobe City College of Nursing.

Lhangsu, a subgroup of the Lhaovo, speak a language quite different from the Standard Lhaovo. Considering their ethnogeographic environment, Lhangsu borrowed much of their vocabulary from languages such as Jinphpaw, Burmese, and Shan. The degree of borrowing seems to be much higher than that of Standard Lhaovo. This paper overviews the words borrowed into Lhangsu in terms of the borrowing paths and their influence on the phonological inventory of Lhangsu.

15	Yabu, Shiro (1982) A Classified Dictionary of the Atsi or Zaiwa Language (Sadon Dialect) with Atsi, Japanese, and English Indexes. vi+134+i pp. Tokyo: ILCAA, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
	A classified lexicon of the Atsi (Zaiwa) language, based on fieldwork with speakers from Sadon, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State. According to the author, the questionnaire used for the research was Shiro Hattori (ed.) A Questionnaire of Basic Vocabulary and a grammatical questionnaire prepared by the author himself.

16	Yabu, Shiro (1988) The Atsi language. In Takashi Kamei, Rokuro Kono, and Eiichi Chino (eds.) The Sanseido Encyclopedia of Linguistics 1: 192–197. Tokyo: Sanseido.
	An overview of the Atsi (Zaiwa) language, based on fieldwork with speakers from Sadon, Waingmaw Township, Kachin State. It includes sections on pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary.

17	Yabu, Shiro (1992) The Maru language. In Takashi Kamei, Rokuro Kono, and Eiichi Chino (eds.) The Sanseido Encyclopedia of Linguistics 4: 168–172. Tokyo: Sanseido.
	An overview of the Maru (Lhaovo) language, based on fieldwork with speakers from Tung Kyi village, Shan State. It consists of sections on the genetic position and distribution, phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.

18	Yabu, Shiro (1992) The Lashi language. In Takashi Kamei, Rokuro Kono, and Eiichi Chino (eds.) The Sanseido Encyclopedia of Linguistics 4: 658–663. Tokyo: Sanseido.
	An overview of the Lashi (Lacid) language, based on fieldwork with speakers from Nu Zung Bau village, Chipwe Township, Kachin State. It consists of sections on distribution and genetic position, population, writing system, phonology, grammar, and vocabulary.

19	Yabu, Shiro (1993) The Hpon language. In Takashi Kamei, Rokuro Kono, and Eiichi Chino (eds.) The Sanseido Encyclopedia of Linguistics 5: 341–344. Tokyo: Sanseido.
	An overview of an extinct language, Hpon, based on previous studies. It consists of sections on literature and dialects, phonology, grammar, and genetic position.

20	Dai, Qingxia (2005) A Study of the Langsu Language. iv+ii+262pp. Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.
	This book describes the sounds, vocabulary, grammar, and genetic relationships of the Langsu (Lhaovo) language spoken in Yunqian Village, Santaishan Township, Luxi County (present Mangshi City), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. It also includes several texts and a Chinese–Langsu lexicon.

21	Dai, Qingxia, and Jie Li (2007) A Study of the Leqi Language. 340+ix pp. Beijing: The Central University for Nationalities Publishing House.
	This book describes the sounds, vocabulary, grammar, and genetic relationships of the Leqi (Lacid) language spoken in Paya Village, Manghai Town, Luxi County (present Mangshi City), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. Appendices include a Chinese–Leqi classified lexicon, example sentences, a narrative texts, references, and biographies of consultants.

22	Dai, Qingxia, Ying Jiang, and Zhi’en Kong (2007) A Study of the Bola Language. 348pp. Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.
	This book describes the sounds, vocabulary, word classes, and grammar of the Bola language spoken in Kongjia Village, Santaishan Township, Luxi County (present Mangshi City), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. Appendices include two narrative texts and Chinese–Bola classified lexicon.

23	Xu, Xi Jian, and Gui Zhen Xu (1984) A Brief Description of Zaiwa Language of Jingpo Nationality. iv+ii+176pp. Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities.
	This book describes the sounds, vocabulary, and grammar of the Zaiwa language spoken in Xishan Township, Luxi County (present Mangshi City), Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. A Chinese–Zaiwa lexicon is included as an appendix.

24	Institute of Ethnology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (eds.) (1992) Chinese–Zaiwa Dictionary. vi+iv+1150pp. Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Publishing House.
	This is a Chinese–Zaiwa dictionary containing approximately 37,000 entries. The preface states that it was compiled with inspiration from Shiro Yabu’s A Classified Dictionary of the Atsi or Zaiwa Language.

25	Zhu, Yanhua, and Lepai Zaosha (2013) Reference Grammar of Zhefang Zaiwa. ii+435pp. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.
	This book is a reference grammar of the Zaiwa language spoken in Zhefang Town, Mangshi City, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan. It attempts to provide a more detailed description of the grammatical phenomena that was not dealt with in previous studies, such as comparative construction, topic construction, serial verb construction, cognate objects, and modality particles.

Myat Wai Toe (2013) Lhaovo Traditional Culture and Customs. viii+348pp. Yangon: Sarpay Beikman.

This is an ethnography of Lhaovo written by the author after interviewing Lhaovo and other people when he was posted to Waingmaw, Kachin State, as an official of the Myanmar Ministry of Education. The following topics are covered: folklore of ethnic origin, ethnic migration and spreading, traditional costumes, language, writing system, kinship structure, ancestral genealogy, chieftaincy, village names, food, religion, superstitions, proverbs and tales, traditional performing arts, marriage, childbirth, child-rearing, divorce, economic activities, handicrafts, houses, inheritance, traditional laws and court cases, funerals, festivals, and famous Lhaovo people. An entire chapter is devoted to about 200 vocabularies of their traditional culture and customs.

Myat Wai Toe (2014) Lacid Ethnic Race in Manau Land. xiv+246pp. Yangon: Sarpay Beikman.

The author became interested in the traditional culture and customs of the Kachin people when he was posted to the city of Waingmaw in Kachin State as an official of the Myanmar Ministry of Education. The book covers the ethnography of the Lacid people through interviews with local people, mostly Lacid. The following topics are considered: the folklore of ethnic origin, ethnic migration and spreading, kinship structure, language, writing system, religion, traditional costume, naming a child, chieftaincy, marriage, traditional performing arts, economic activities, handicrafts, houses, traditional laws, inheritance, divorce, superstition, funerals, fortune-telling, festivals, and famous Lacid people.

Myat Wai Toe (2015) Atsi or Zaiwa People. x+185pp. Yangon: Sarpay Beikman.

This is an ethnography of Zaiwa people written by the author after interviewing local people while he was posted to Waingmaw, Kachin State, as an official of the Myanmar Ministry of Education. The following topics were considered: ethnic origin traditions, clans and lineages, homelands, ethnic migration and spreading, patrilineage, kinship terms, naming a child, language, writing system, proverbs/rhymes/fairy tales, religion, costumes, economic activities, traditional performing arts, marriage, houses, the Manaw festival, funerals, inheritance, traditional laws and court cases, and the famous Zaiwa people.

CITE AS

Sawada, Hideo. 2021. Annotated bibliography of Northern Burmish languages. Digital collection managed by Information Resources Center at Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
URL: https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/annotated-bibliography/

Popular and Academic Writings on Kachin/Jinghpaw by Masao Imamura

Under Construction

CITE AS

Imamura, Masao. 2021. Annotated bibliography of popular and academic writings on Kachin/Jinghpaw. Digital collection managed by Information Resources Center at Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
URL: https://kachinportal.aa-ken.jp/en/annotated-bibliography/